The Logical Link Control (LLC) sublayer is responsible for flow controls and error controls that ensure error-free and accurate data transmission between the network nodes.The data link layer is further divided into two sublayers: The raw data received from the physical layer is synchronized and packaged into data frames that contain the necessary protocols to route information between appropriate nodes. The second layer of the OSI model concerns data transmission between the nodes within a network and manages the connections between physically connected devices such as switches. Hardware including networking devices, antennas, cables, modem, and intermediate devices such as repeaters and hubs.Common protocols including Wi-Fi, Ethernet, and others.Modulation, switching, and interfacing with the physical transmission medium.
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Communication modes such as Simplex, Half Duplex, and Full Duplex.Topologies such as Bus, Star, Ring, and Mesh.Electrical, mechanical, and physical systems and networking devices that include specifications such as cable size, signal frequency, voltages, etc.It defines a range of aspects, including: The physical layer is responsible for the communication of unstructured raw data streams over a physical medium. The lowest layer of the OSI model is concerned with data communication in the form of electrical, optic, or electromagnetic signals physically transmitting information between networking devices and infrastructure. Below, we’ll briefly describe each layer, from bottom to top. This image illustrates the seven layers of the OSI model.
However, the older TCP/IP model remains the ubiquitous reference framework for Internet communications today. The OSI model was originally developed to facilitate interoperability between vendors and to define clear standards for network communication. It divides data communication into seven abstraction layers and standardizes protocols into appropriate groups of networking functionality to ensure interoperability within the communication system regardless of the technology type, vendor, and model. The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Reference Model is a conceptual framework that describes functions of the networking or telecommunication system independently from the underlying technology infrastructure.
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